Building a musical solid state Tesla Coil. 2 Pin output for Gate Drive Transformer (more on this later). This is easily done by using one 555 timer in Astable mode (which produces a continuous. A bit of salt was added to the breakout point which lends a yellow colouration to the sparks as the sodium ionizes and glows.

This is my first Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC), which I think has turned out pretty well! My intention was more towards it playing music rather than huge sparks, but I got about 6in sparks from it too which is a bonus. The aim of this instructable is to explain what Tesla Coils (TC) are, how they work, a couple of variations and and also how to make one!

To make a TC you really need to know exactly how they work (you can't build one successfully by blindly following instructions). I did a lot (and i mean A LOT) of research into how to make one, and I feel like I should give back some information that I discovered whilst making mine. I first want to say that you'll be playing with very high voltages (and high current!), and this of course is/can be very dangerous! Always carry out the correct safety procedures when dealing with high voltage and high current circuitry.

Secondly, Tesla Coils take a lot of work, it's unusual for a new Tesla Coil to work 100% on it's first light (first light is a term given to a Tesla Coil when it first turns on). So stick with it!

Tesla Coils were invented (as the name would suggest) by Nikola Tesla in the 1890's. Tesla did not want to create music but rather transmit electricity wirelessly - and to some extent he did! There are rumours that he turned on 100 light bulbs 26 miles away using Tesla Coils! However, there isn't enough evidence to support this claim, but it would be an awesome idea! Essentially, a Tesla Coil is a high voltage, step up transformer. They take in relatively low voltages and step them up to hundreds of thousands of volts.

But I've got a transformer at home and it looks nothing like a Tesla Coil I hear you say? Well you're right, mobile phones chargers, laptop chargers, Xbox's they all have transformers! But there are different types. Your laptop charger will more than likely be a switching mode power supply - which is basically a very efficient transformer (it probably falls under the category of rectifiers but still) and old mobile phone chargers are normally just a small step down transformer. The reason they weigh so much is that there's a fat lump of iron in them!

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The issue with these transformers is inherent with the design. A conventional transformer has a ferrite core with copper wire wrapped around either ends (see picture). When you pass a current through a coil of wire, you get what's called electromagnetic induction. Basically, you generate a magnetic field. Likewise, if you pass a magnetic field through a coil of wire then you induce a current! So, stick a ferrite core in the middle to conduct the flow of this magnetic field we're generating and there you have it, a transformer!

The issue with this is that you have got a big piece of metal that also conducts electricity really well next to some wire with a lot of voltage, if the voltage is high enough it'll short through the ferrite core; not good. Alas, this is where Tesla Coils come in.

Tesla Coils are loosely coupled transformers, there's no ferrite core to conduct the magnetism (and so conventional transformers are tightly coupled). This means that there are two coils of wire in fairly close proximity to one and other but with an air gap between them. Air is a very poor conductor of electricity, but it's also not brilliant for conducting magnetism and so it takes a few oscillations to do it. I'll explain this more in the next step. There are a lot of different Tesla Coils out there, but for the scope of this I'm going to talk about 2 - Spark Gap and Solid State.

As far as the design goes, Tesla Coils are fairly simple. If we look at the SGTC (the first image), it consists of a high voltage step up transformer, a spark gap, a capacitor and two coils. As I mentioned earlier, we want to generate an electromagnetic field to induce a voltage in the secondary winding's. This voltage is going to be stored on the top load (usually some metallic object, to act as a capacitor) and eventually we'll pass so much electrical energy to the top load it'll ionize the air around it (basically tearing the electrons from the atoms of oxygen/nitrogen etc. Causing a flow of charge) and produce a spark! The more current we pass through the primary coil (and the quicker it flows), the greater the magnetic field we produce and hence the larger voltage we induce in the secondary.

This is the reason for the gap in the electrical circuit. We charge up the high voltage capacitor (using the high voltage transformer, this steps up mains voltage to around 30kV). As the capacitor is charging up the potential difference (or voltage) at the top of the spark gap gets higher and higher. Much like the voltage on the top load, when it's sufficiently high enough it will ionize the air between it, then short the circuit! The gap basically acts as a switch, and when it's 'closed' the capacitor rapidly discharges causing a HUGE current to flow through the primary.