THE C H A L L E N G E OF REVOLUTION This page intentionally left blank The Challenge of Revolution Contemporary Russia in Historical Perspective VLADIMIR MAU and IRINA STARODUBROVSKAYA OXJFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS This book has been printed digitally and produced in a standard specification in order to ensure its continuing availability OXFORD U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

Full text of ' DOCOMENT RESUME ED 056 598 LI 003 206 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS AGENCY REPORT NO PUB DATE NOTE Doncov, Boris Soviet Cybernetics Technology: XII. Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union, Rand Corp,, Santa Monica, Calif. Air Force, Washington, D. R-522-PR Oct 71 75p.;( 90 References) EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS MF-$0,65 HC-S3-29 computers? Download free full games for psp.

^'Computer Science; ^Cybernetics; ^Foreign countries; Technological Advancement; ^Technology; *Time Sharing ^Soviet Union The only operational Soviet time-sharing systems are incorporated in special-purpose, f ixed-application_ installations, most of which are intended for industrial applications of process control or management information. Despite the peculiar suitability of time-sharing to the Soviet economic system, with its heavy reliance on centralized planning and progress reporting, time-sharing research projects are noteworthy for their lack of progress, their reliance on existing, marginally suitable hardware, ana their failure to solve the problem of unreliable data— transmission^ facilities.

The report concludes that it is now propitious to bring into focus the status of existing work on time-sharing and its historical background as a prelude to assessing new work that can be expected to followthe introduction of Ryad and the implementation of projects promised in the current Five-year Plan. (Author) O ERIC This research is supported by the United States Air Force under Project Rand- Contract No. F44620-67“C“0045— Monitored by the Directorate of Operational Requirements and Development Plans, Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and Development, Hq USAF. Views or conclusions contained in this study should not be interpreted as representing the official opinion or policy of Rand or of the United States Air Force. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & Wt ' FARE OFFICE OF EDU^ JMF’ H ' '.P = C •RC c ■)H - •>c ■ TPIN.D NO RILY t'ji or-i CIAL O' K.

(in Russian). Golovachev A.S. Ekonomika predpriyatiya [Enterprise economy] Minsk: Vysheyshaya shkola. (in Russian). Golovan S.I., Spiridonov.

R:DU- OSmON OR POLIC'1 O R-522-PR October 1971%oviet Cybernetics Technology: XII. Time-Sharing in the Soviet Union, ( Boris Doncov O O GV?

CO o o o ERIC I. A Report prepared for UNITED- STATES AIR FORCE PROJECT RAND Rand SANTA MONICA. C A., 9040b Cfp 2 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED *■ 3 ERIC Published by The Rand Corporation -iii- PREFACE This study of the status of research and development projects In computer time-sharing in the Soviet Union was commissioned by Rand's Soviet Cybernetics Technology project, under U.S. Air Force Project Rand, in the summer of 1969 and updated in the spring of 1971. The author is an electrical engineer with a native background in Russian. He was formerly employed as a technical analyst of Soviet scientific literature with the Aerospace Technology Division of the Library of Congress.

The author surveyed all relevant Soviet literature sources avail- able at Rand for the information on which this report is based. His original conclusions, reached in 1969, have since been confirmed by the almost startling lack of progress that has been made in the various Soviet time-sharing projects. This reporr establishes the Importance of time— sharing for the Soviets and examines why no significant effort has been made to develop uhe needed systems.

These historical aspects are particularly impor- tant in light of the recently promulgated Directives of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party an. The statement of goals for the 1971-75 Five- year Plan. These documents indicate that, for the first time, major emphasis is to be placed on computer development and the refinement of computational and econometric techniques. Tnd - 1 t-tI th-» ' this rubr-- ' are three important nationwide state network of coriputer centers, an automated economic planning and management system, and a unified automated national communications system. Time-sharing sys -ems must be developed in order to properly Implement the first twc systems, while the third system is a necessary prerequisite for time-scaring systems that include data-transmission facilities. As the details of these proposed systems assume concrete form, it will be important to understand how they Interface with Soviet potentials for time-sharing. Also of particular importance is the impending appearance of the Ryad series of third-generation computers.